What’s the Difference Between the Four Stratum Levels?
Mar 8, 2019 · The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a hierarchical protocol divided into “stratum levels” that define the distance from a reference clock timing source. The standard "Synchronization Interface Standards for Digital Networks," first released in 1987 by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), lays out all of the official information and requirements for …
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Understanding Mixers and Their Parameters - Microwaves & RF
Jul 8, 2015 · The three ports of a mixer are known as the intermediate-frequency (IF), radio-frequency (RF), and local-oscillator (LO) ports. The LO port is usually an input port." The RF and IF ports can be used interchangeably, depending on whether the mixer is being used to perform upconversion or downconversion. The LO signal is typically the strongest ...
RF Demystified: What is an RF Attenuator? - Microwaves & RF
Sep 19, 2022 · Attenuators are available in many design configurations and in three basic topologies. In selecting attenuators for a given application, pay attention to the key specifications. The attenuator is a control component, the main function of which is to reduce the strength of the signal passing through it. This type of component is generally used ...
Times Microwave Systems | Microwaves & RF
Nov 18, 2021 · Times Microwave Systems was founded in 1948 as the Times Wire and Cable Company. The company pioneered closed cell low-loss polyethylene foam and taped PTFE dielectric coaxial cables. Those developments established today's high-performance coaxial cable industry. Expanding our RF and microwave connector design and manufacturing expertise ...
Basics of Modulation and Demodulation - Microwaves & RF
Jan 30, 2017 · In PSK, the phase of the carrier is discretely changed to denote the different digital bits. The phase can be changed in relation to a reference phase, such as using 0 deg. for a 0 digital bit and 180 deg. to represent the digital 1 bit, or if a difference of 180 deg. is used to denote different digital bits, one of the bits may be represented by a relative phase of –90 deg. and …
What’s the Difference Between Microstrip and Stripline?
Aug 22, 2016 · Stripline’s thinner conductors require tighter manufacturing tolerances than microstrip conductors, as well as tighter tolerances in a circuit material’s Dk values. Because of the second ground plane, the width of a 50-Ω (or any given impedance) line in stripline will be narrower than for a conductor with the same impedance in microstrip.
Pulsed vs. CW Signals: Both Loom on a Designer’s Radar
Jun 14, 2018 · A pulsed radar system typically provides greater measurement range compared to a CW radar, such as an FMCW radar system, with lower power consumption. A CW radar system delivers continuous updating of target information with higher measurement resolution than a pulsed radar system, and the lack of a minimum target distance.
Where Are They Now? - Microwaves & RF
Dec 4, 2011 · LNR Communications is now part of L3-Narda in Hauppauge, NY. Logimetrics (a supplier of laboratory-grade traveling-wave-tube amplifiers) was absorbed into Instruments For Industry (IFI). IFI has confirmed that several of the Logimetrics guys are there and they can evaluate and/or repair Logimetrics amps.
Microwave Diodes… Why a Schottky-barrier? Why a Point-contact?
Dec 9, 2013 · March, 1968. Since World War II, the point-contact diode has been the most useful converter of microwave signals to lower frequencies. Now, a new device—the Schottky-barrier diode—is claimed to offer improved electrical efficiency and higher reliability for this and other applications. A comprehensive evaluation of both devices leads to the ...